Works
- Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness (with Donald Schön), 1974
- Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective (with Donald Schön), 1978
- Overcoming Organizational Defenses, 1990
In Thinking Tools
Known for
A Harvard scholar of organizational learning who, with Donald Schön, distinguished espoused theories from theories in use and single-loop from double-loop learning, in which people question the governing assumptions behind their actions. He is also credited with the ladder of inference, a model of how people climb from selected data to conclusions and beliefs.